Rasin, PuthiyavalappilPuthiyavalappilRasinV, Ashwathi A.Ashwathi A.VBasheer, Sabeel M.Sabeel M.BasheerJebiti HaribabuSantibanez, Juan F.Juan F.SantibanezGarrote, Claudio AllardClaudio AllardGarroteArulraj, ArunachalamArunachalamArulrajMangalaraja, Ramalinga ViswanathanRamalinga ViswanathanMangalarajaClaudio Allard Garrote2025-10-102025-10-10202527724166https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12740/23461One of the most harmful heavy metals that is commonly found in water, air, soil, and sediments is cadmium (Cd). Humans are most exposed to cadmium through inhalation, cigarette smoking, and consumption of contaminated food and water. It shows a half-life of around 25 to 30 years in plants and mammals. Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between cadmium exposure and several cancers: breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, kidney, etc. Thus, this type of article is necessary to raise awareness in society and help individuals manage heavy metal ion toxicity. With an emphasis on the organs most impacted, the mechanisms of toxicity, and the long-term effects of exposure, this article aims to present a thorough analysis of the effects of cadmium exposure on human health. It also identifies the gaps in the existing literature and makes recommendations for future research areas to fully comprehend the effects of cadmium and create efficient mitigation and prevention plans. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.openAccessBRAIN, LUNGSCADMIUMCARDIAC TISSUECENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMIMMUNE CELLSITAI-ITAI DISEASEMETALLOTHIONEIN MRNAMITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONRENAL TUBULAR DYSFUNCTIONReviewhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100608