cc-by-nc-ndBecerraP MulaJ SanchisR Campuzano-BolarinPablo Becerra Muñoz2025-06-052025-06-0520242330-2674https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12740/22555This paper addresses the problem of designing a supply chain (SC) according to sustainability aspects. It identifies a research gap where an optimisation model to address the location, inventory and transportation decision in a sustainable SC applied to a copper mining industry by complementarily using a simulation model to assess SC performance in different scenarios is needed. For this purpose, we propose a simulation model based on system dynamics (SD) to assess SC performance and to support decision making. The basis of the simulation model structure is a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model that aims to minimise total economic, emissions and social costs, and to also contemplate social impacts. We consider a real copper mining industry problem to illustrate this. We obtain a solution using a mathematical programming model and a simulation model. The optimisation results show improved SC performance in cost and emission reduction terms, and an improved social impact. The simulation model presents a near-optimal result and allows the possibility of anticipating adverse scenarios. Future research is oriented to other real-world applications, and to: consider alternative inventory policies; contemplate a stochastic approach; add new production and routing decisions; develop a hybrid multi-agent SD model. C1 [Becerra, Pablo; Mula, Josefa; Sanchis, Raquel] Univ Politecn Valencia, Res Ctr Prod Management & Engn CIGIP, Alcoy, Spain. [Becerra, Pablo] Univ Atacama, Dept Ind & Negocios, Copiapo, Chile. [Campuzano-Bolarin, Francisco] Univ Politecn Cartagena, Dept Business Econ, Cartagena, Spain. [Mula, Josefa] Univ Politecn Valencia, Res Ctr Prod Management & Engn CIGIP, C Alarcon 1, Alicante 03801, Spain. C3 Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; Universidad de Atacama; Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena; Universitat Politecnica de Valenciainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessClosed-loop supply chainsustainabilityoptimisationsimulationcopper mining industryEngineering; Operations Research & Management ScienceArticulo de revista10.1080/23302674.2024.2311285