Designing an Optimal Kilonova Search Using DECam for Gravitational-wave Events
Date Issued
2024
Author(s)
Bom
CR Annis
J Garcia
A Palmese
A Sherman
N Soares-Santos
M Santana-Silva
L Morgan
R Bechtol
K Davis
T Diehl
HT Allam
SS Bachmann
TG Fraga
BMO García-Bellido
J Gill
MSS Herner
K Kilpatrick
CD Makler
M Olivares
F Pereira
MES Pineda
J Santos
A Tucker
DL Wiesner
MP Aguena
M Alves
O Bacon
D Bernardinelli
PH Bertin
E Bocquet
S Brooks
D Kind
MC Carretero
J Conselice
C Costanzi
M da Costa
LN De Vicente
J Desai
S Doel
P Everett
S Ferrero
I Frieman
J Gatti
M Gerdes
DW Gruen
D Gruendl
RA Gutierrez
G Hinton
SR Hollowood
DL Honscheid
K James
DJ Kuehn
K Kuropatkin
N Melchior
P Mena-Fernández
J Menanteau
F Pieres
A Malagón
AAP Raveri
M Rodriguez-Monroy
M Sanchez
E Santiago
B Sevilla-Noarbe
I Smith
M Suchyta
E Swanson
MEC Tarle
G To
C Weaverdyck
DOI
10.3847/1538-4357/ad0462
Abstract
We address the problem of optimally identifying all kilonovae detected via gravitational-wave emission in the upcoming LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA observing run, O4, which is expected to be sensitive to a factor of similar to 7 more binary neutron star (BNS) alerts than previously. Electromagnetic follow-up of all but the brightest of these new events will require >1 m telescopes, for which limited time is available. We present an optimized observing strategy for the DECam during O4. We base our study on simulations of gravitational-wave events expected for O4 and wide-prior kilonova simulations. We derive the detectabilities of events for realistic observing conditions. We optimize our strategy for confirming a kilonova while minimizing telescope time. For a wide range of kilonova parameters, corresponding to a fainter kilonova compared to GW170817/AT 2017gfo, we find that, with this optimal strategy, the discovery probability for electromagnetic counterparts with the DECam is similar to 80% at the nominal BNS gravitational-wave detection limit for O4 (190 Mpc), which corresponds to an similar to 30% improvement compared to the strategy adopted during the previous observing run. For more distant events (similar to 330 Mpc), we reach an similar to 60% probability of detection, a factor of similar to 2 increase. For a brighter kilonova model dominated by the blue component that reproduces the observations of GW170817/AT 2017gfo, we find that we can reach similar to 90% probability of detection out to 330 Mpc, representing an increase of similar to 20%, while also reducing the total telescope time required to follow up events by similar to 20%. C1 [Bom, C. R.; Fraga, B. M. O.; Makler, M.; Santos, A.] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rua Dr Xavier Sigaud 150, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. [Bom, C. R.] Ctr Fed Educ Tecnol Celso Suckow Fonseca, Rodovia Mario Covas,Lote J2,Quadra J, BR-23810000 Itaguai, RJ, Brazil. [Annis, J.; Diehl, H. T.; Allam, S. S.; Herner, K.; Tucker, D. L.; Frieman, J.; Gutierrez, G.; Kuropatkin, N.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Garcia, A.; Sherman, N.; Soares-Santos, M.; Alves, O.; Gerdes, D. W.; Tarle, G.; Weaverdyck, N.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Palmese, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, 366 LeConte Hall,MC 7300, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Santana-Silva, L.] Univ Cidade Sao Paulo, Univ Cruzeiro Sul, NAT, Rua Galvao Bueno 868, BR-01506000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. [Morgan, R.; Bechtol, K.] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, 2320 Chamberlin Hall,1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Davis, T.] Univ Queensland, Sch Math & Phys, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. [Bachmann, T. G.] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Garcia-Bellido, J.] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Inst Fis Teor, UAM CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. [Gill, M. S. S.] SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Kilpatrick, C. D.] Northwestern Univ, Ctr Interdisciplinary Explorat & Res Astrophys CI, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Kilpatrick, C. D.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Makler, M.] ECyT UNSAM, Int Ctr Adv Studies, RA-1650 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Makler, M.] ECyT UNSAM, Inst Ciencias Fis, RA-1650 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Makler, M.] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1650 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Olivares E., F.] Univ Atacama, Inst Astron & Ciencias Planetarias, Ave Copayapu 485, Copiapo, Chile. [Pereira, M. E. S.] Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany. [Pineda, J.] Univ Andres Bello, Dept Ciencias Fis, Avda Republ 252, Santiago, Chile. [Pineda, J.] Millennium Inst Astrophys, Nuncio Monsenor Sotero Sanz 100, Santiago, Chile. [Wiesner, M. P.] Benedictine Univ, Dept Phys, 5700 Coll Rd, Lisle, IL 60532 USA. [Aguena, M.; da Costa, L. N.; Pieres, A.; Santiago, B.] Lab Interinst Eastron LIneA, Rua Gal Jose Cristino 77, BR-20921400 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. [Bacon, D.] Univ Portsmouth, Inst Cosmol & Gravitat, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, Hants, England. [Bernardinelli, P. H.] Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Bertin, E.] Inst Astrophys Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095, F-75014 Paris, France. [Bertin, E.] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Univ, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. [Bocquet, S.; Gruen, D.] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Fac Phys, Univ Observ, Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany. [Brooks, D.; Doel, P.; Swanson, M. E. C.] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England. [Carrasco Kind, M.; Gruendl, R. A.; Menanteau, F.] Natl Ctr Supercomp Applicat, Ctr Astrophys Surveys, 1205 West Clark St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Carrasco Kind, M.; Gruendl, R. A.; Menanteau, F.] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Carretero, J.] Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol, Inst Fis Altes Energies IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. [Conselice, C.] Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Sch Phys & Astron, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. [Conselice, C.] Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. [Costanzi, M.] Univ Trieste, Astron Unit, Dept Phys, Via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. [Costanzi, M.] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Trieste, Via GB Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. [Costanzi, M.] Inst Fundamental Phys Universe, Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. [De Vicente, J.; Mena-Fernandez, J.; Rodriguez-Monroy, M.; Sanchez, E.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.] Ctr Invest Energet Medioambientales & Tecnol CIEM, Madrid, Spain. [Desai, S.] IIT Hyderabad, Dept Phys, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India. [Everett, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Ferrero, I.] Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, POB 1029, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway. [Frieman, J.] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Gatti, M.] Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Gerdes, D. W.] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Hinton, S. R.] Univ Queensland, Sch Math & Phys, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. [Hollowood, D. L.] Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Honscheid, K.; To, C.] Ohio State Univ, Ctr Cosmol & Astroparticle Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Honscheid, K.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [James, D. J.; Swanson, M. E. C.] Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kuehn, K.] Macquarie Univ, Australian Astron Opt, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia. [Kuehn, K.] Lowell Observ, 1400 Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Melchior, P.; Plazas Malagon, A. A.] Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Pieres, A.] Observ Nacl, Rua Gal Jose Cristino 77, BR-20921400 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. [Raveri, M.] Univ Genoa, Dept Phys, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genoa, Italy. [Raveri, M.] INFN, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genoa, Italy. [Santiago, B.] UFRJ, Inst Fis, Caixa Postal 15051, BR-91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. [Smith, M.] Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Suchyta, E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Weaverdyck, N.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Morgan, R.] Legacy Survey Space & Time Corp, Data Sci Fellowship Program, Tucson, AZ USA. C3 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas; Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET-RJ); United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of Chicago; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Queensland; University of Chicago; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - UAM - Institut de Fisica Teorica (IFT); Autonomous University of Madrid; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Universidad de Atacama; University of Hamburg; Universidad Andres Bello; Laboratorio Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia (LINEA); University of Portsmouth; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Sorbonne Universite; University of Munich; University of London; University College London; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Institute for High Energy Physics (IFAE); Autonomous University of Barcelona; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; University of Nottingham; University of Trieste; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales Tecnologicas; Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Hyderabad; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Oslo; University of Chicago; University of Pennsylvania; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Queensland; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Smithsonian Institution; Macquarie University; Princeton University; University of Genoa; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; University of Southampton; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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